Sunday 27 May 2012

BRAIN DRAIN.........GOOD OR BAD


Let us start with a general example:

Imagine a society where people are being manufactured, trained, fed and brought up hoping that they would serve the society and build the nation. After the training, they chose to build some other nation. This is what's happening in many developing countries.........

Tiding over Brain Drain

1. Is the government mad enough to use the revenue of the people's pay on these stuff? Its just like feeding other countries for free,
 2. Is it justified! because you thought you are creating a service minded product, but it turned out to be a business minded one...........

I heard one of my friend saying, "There is nothing an issue like going and working in abroad, because you're showing how capable your country is, in the outer world, how intelligent you are...
  Just think for a moment, if we are that efficient, why are we being consistently marked as a developing country? If we are that capable, why are we still lagging in application development?
If we are really that capable, why don't we make ourselves as the number one in IT industry?


If we are that capable, why are our global standards still very low,
=>Can't the government just speak out the problems with products they develop?
=>Can't they ask their products to set up goals to build a strong nation? Instead we boast ourselves that we are accepted by MNC'S that never develops india......


When Nehru initiated the IIT’s in India, his plan was to encourage the best talent in India for the development of India. His dream was half realized. The talent was developed in India but the talent has left to the US, for better salaries and life. Pre-90′s life was a filled with little entrepreneurship and a lot of socialism. This is not what the young and educated wanted. India just could not provide the kind of life Indian educated need. In fact, the IIT graduates were the biggest exports to the US until India’s software exports came along.

- source from web

  According to wikipedia, "brain drain", is the large-scale emigration of a large group of individuals with technical skills or knowledge. The reasons usually include two aspects which respectively come from countries and individuals. In terms of countries, the reasons may be social environment (in source countries: lack of opportunities, political instability, economic depression, health risks, etc.; in host countries: rich opportunities, political stability and freedom, developed economy, better living conditions, etc.). In terms of individual reasons, there are family influence (overseas relatives), and personal preference: preference for exploring, ambition for an improved career, etc. Although the term originally referred to technology workers leaving a nation, the meaning has broadened into: "the departure of educated or professional people from one country, economic sector, or field for another, usually for better pay or living conditions".[1]Brain drain is usually regarded as an economic cost, since emigrants usually take with them the fraction of value of their training sponsored by the government or other organizations. It is a parallel of capital flight, which refers to the same movement of financial capital. Brain drain is often associated with de-skilling of emigrants in their country of destination, while their country of emigration experiences the draining of skilled individuals.

brain drain India Reverse Brain Drain Continues, More Senior Executives Relocating To India
What is good in brain drain?

The answer just simple,there's nothing helpful for Indian government,i think are virtually plotted as

simple fools,who spend huge amount of money what you called prestigious institutes,they run 

away with huge tag line to work for brand companies which pay huge revenues U.S.A.

The good is only happening personally,they look for better pay,good comfort,showing the 

greatness that they work  for THE BRAND U.S.A.,,.Its not greatness actually what we call in hindi 

just like a 'DOKHA' to Indian government.

They might be expanding the Indian community through out the world but 'whats up man!'.


RECESSION CHANGING  TREND!


BRAIN DRAIN been one of the prime reasons why India has not been able to establish 

itself as an R&D hub. We pat our back on being the Outsourcing giants and expanding 

India’s global footprint. However, ever since 26/11 happened and later with the U.S.

 economy recession

 A new trend was cited to be emerging-Reverse Brain Drain.

However, in the last 3-4 years there have been signs of reverse brain drain happening even though 

i have questioned whether the reverse brain drain is real primarily because the education and 

research infrastructure in the country has not improved drastically.


But the times, they are changing! More and more folks are looking forward to come back to the 

roots and put their talent to use right here in India and hopefully in some cases for India.


There has been a double digit increase in Indian origin and NRI senior executives shifting base to India.

There has been an up to 20% increase in the number of CEO movements compared with last year,

 as persons of Indian origin and non-resident Indians return home
Major executive recruitment firms are reporting a constantly increasing number of senior 

executives in the US, Europe considering a move to India for good. A look into the economic

 environment is enough to suggest that this trend of senior executives relocating is not entirely 

driven by the desire to return to homeland and participate in the betterment of the country a.k.a 

Global economic environment is the biggest driver for reverse brain drain. Even as countries like 

US and Europe battle with debt crisis and high unemployment, India has grown very well in the past

 few years and despite inflationary pressures, it is expected to outpace the growth in the developed countries.
Additionally, there has been major improvements in the education infrastructure in the country. 

Major foreign universities have shown interest in setting campuses in India and even though the 

pace might be slow, there is a window of opportunity for talent students to chase their dream right here in India.
Sectoral demand is another driver for increasing reverse brain drain. Industry sectors like Pharma 

need senior management level folks with global experience and understanding of the nitty-gritties 

of navigating the global markets. This has created opportunities for senior executives working in 

the US or Europe to consider relocating to India to take on new challenges while at the same

 maintaining the fat pay packets they are used to.                                                                                    

Lets hope the same thing continues show how strong is India is by relocating all our efficient resources and proving them the required platform to establish braing an econmic turnaround here.

38% of US docs, 36% of NASA scientists are Indians

'
Dr. Shyam Bhaskaran. Photo
Shyam Bhaskaran, scientist attached to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

Indian scientist studying nature of Martian rocks
/photo.cms?msid=2854752
 If you thought that Global Indian Takeover was just a hollow cliche leaning on a few iconic successes like Pepsi's Indra Nooyi, Citibank's Vikram Pandit and steelworld's Lakshmi Mittal, there is a slew of statistics now to give it solid ballast.
The extent to which desis have made an impact in the US was reeled off in the Rajya Sabha, as many as 12% scientists and 38% doctors in the US are Indians, and in Nasa, 36% or almost 4 out of 10 scientists are Indians.

-sk.imame azam










Saturday 26 May 2012

Indian Engineering Service



                        Indian Engineering Services


I am very eager to write about this exam on the blog,this exam info. was first said by my professor when i was studying btech second year and i am amased by the value given by government to an engineer.
There will be know no better option than this because,u are going to work for your country as an engineer,proud moment for any graduate,common guys take it,feel and arise your passion and patriotism towards your country.
Indian Engineering Services (IES/ES) constitute of engineers that work under the government of India to manage a large segment of public sector economy which constitutes of Railroads, Public works, Power, Telecommunications, etc.
A combined competitive examination is conducted by the Union Public Services Commission (UPSC) for recruitment to the Indian Engineering Services. The Examination constitutes of a written examination followed by an interview for personality test.

The recruitment of qualified candidates are made under the following categories:

Category – I Civil Engineering

(i) Indian Railway Service of Engineers

(ii) Indian Railway Stores Service

(iii) Central Engineering Service

(iv) Military Engineer Service (Building and Roads Cadre)

(v) Central Water Engineering

(vii) Assistant Executive Engineer

(viii) Survey of India Service


Category – I Mechanical Engineering

(i) Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers

(ii) Indian Railway Stores Service

(iii) Central Water Engineering Service

(iv) Indian Ordnance Factories Service

(v) Indian Naval Armament Service

(vi) Assistant Executive Engineer (in Ministry of Defence)

(vii) Assistant Naval Store officer Grade I in Indian Navy

(viii) Central Electrical & Mechanical Engineering Service

(ix) Assistant Executive Engineer (in Boarder Roads Engineering Service)

(x) Mechanical Engineer (in Geological Survey of India)


Category – I Electrical Engineering

(i) Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers

(ii) Indian Railway Stores Service

(iii) Central Electrical & Mechanical Engineering Service

(iv) Indian Naval Armament Service

(v) Military Engineer Service

(vi) Assistant Executive Engineer (in Ministry of Defence)

(vii) Assistant Naval Store (in Indian Navy)


Category – I Electronics and Telecommunication 

Engineering

i) Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers

(ii) Indian Railway Stores Service

(iii) Indian Ordnance Factories Service

(iv) Indian Naval Armament Service

(v) Assistant Executive Engineer (in Ministry of Defence)

(vi) Engineer in Wireless Planning and Coordination Wing/Monitoring Organisation

(vii) Assistant Naval Stores officer (in Indian Navy)

(viii) Survey of IS

Syllabus


IES exam has some sections like objective type papers in engineering subject

 areas subjective papers different based on different engineering streams. IES

 is relatively a tough exam as it has a broader syllabus covering the specific 

engineering stream in depth.


 

Paper I (Objective type) - General Ability Test(Part A: General English)(Part B:

 General Studies) 200 Marks each 


Papers II & III (Objective type) Civil Engineering/Mechanical

 Engineering/Electrical Engineering/Electronics & Tele-Communication Engineering 

200 Marks each 
Papers IV & V (Descriptive) Civil Engineering/Mechanical 

Engineering/Electrical Engineering/Electronics & Tele-communication 

Engineering200 Marks each

Total marks for written exam - 1000 Marks


Personality TestPersonality test is the personal interview conducted by UPSC. The total marks for interview is 200. 
Syllabus of IES
General Ability Test - Paper I 
Papers II & III (Objective type) Civil Engineering/Mechanical Engineering/Electrical Engineering/Electronics & Tele-Communication Engineering 200 Marks each Papers IV & V (Descriptive) Civil Engineering/Mechanical Engineering/Electrical Engineering/Electronics & Tele-communication Engineering200 Marks eachTotal marks for written exam - 1000 MarksPersonality TestPersonality test is the personal interview conducted by UPSC. The total marks for interview is 200. Syllabus of IESGeneral Ability Test - Paper I 

  • Part A-General English: It covers English grammar. It helps in understanding the knowledge of candidates in global language.

  • Part B- General Studies: It covers current affairs, Indian history and Geography.

Civil Engineering
  • Paper I - Building Materials'

  • Paper II - Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulic Machines and Hydropower, Hydrology, Water Resources Engineering, Environmental Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Syllabus
  • Paper I – Thermodynamics, Heat transfer and Refrigeration and Air- Conditioning, Fluid Mechanics, Fluid Machinery and Steam Generators
  • Paper II - Theory of Mechanics, Machine Design, Strength of Materials, Engineering Materials, Production Engineering, Industrial Engineering

Electrical Engineering
  • Paper I - EM Theory, Electrical Materials, Electrical Circuits, Measurements and Instrumentation, Control Systems
  • Paper II - Electrical Machines and Power Transformers, Power Systems, Analog and Digital Electronics and Circuits, Micro processors, Communication Systems, Power Electronics

Electronics & Tele-communication Engineering
  • Paper I - Materials and Components, Physical Electronics, Electron Devices and ICs, Signals and Systems, Network Theory, Electromagnetic Theory, Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation
  • Paper II - Analog Electronic Circuits, Digital Electronic Circuits, Control Systems, Communication Systems, Microwave Engineering, Computer Engineering

Coaching Institutes
  • Vidyamandir
  • Brilliant Tutorials
  • FIIT JEE
  • Amity

Qualification Criteria for IESCandidates must have Engineering degree ( 

BE/Btech) from a recognized university or equivalent. Those students 

appearing for final semester exam are also allowed to appear for this 

subjected to them submitting the degree certificates at the time of 

recruitment. Candidates who have qualified MSc degree or equivalent in areas 

like Wireless Communications, Electronics, Radio Physics or Radio Engineering 

can also apply for IES exam. Applicants should be of age group 21 to 30. 

Application Procedure for IESElectronically scanned application forms along

 with the information brochure can be obtained from the designated Head 

Post Offices/ Post Offices throughout the country. Information on these post 

offices can be obtained in the notification issued by UPSC. Notifications are 

issues in the months of January and February usually. The duly filled 

application form has to be sent to - Secretary, Union Public Service 

Commission, Dholpur House, New Delhi – 110011. UPSC’s notification will be 

issued in almost all major national and local newspapers. Official Inquiries on IES
  • Address: Union Public Service Commission, Dholpur House, New Delhi – 110011.
  • Phone Nos: 011- 23098543/23385271
  • Website URL: http://www.upsc.gov.in/

Read: Indian Engineering Services 2012 Exam Details http://educationcareer.in/indian-engineering-services-2824.html#ixzz1vzzfEVlS: Cutt off: Interview session: 1.The interview panel generally keeps you comfortable and more liberal. they expect you to be strong in present areas.You be strong in basic concepts,current affairs like terrorism,recession/what is HOT at resent,Abount railways 2.First they start with few HR questions like tell me abut yourself/current hot topics and after that,they start technical part(mostly basic) 3.Interview panel contains 5 members (4+1) ech persons and 1 panel head.continue your explanation till you ask to stop.Answer boldly.Maintain good communications.They maay give some white sheets may ask you to write/draw/explain some thing. 4.All interview will around 85%technical and 15% non technical.Salary offered15600(basic)+5400(grade)+da+hra+others,,,,,,,,,,, gross would be around 36000/month, to be continued ......................................

Monday 21 May 2012

LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT



Hi friends,
Hi am back once again with basic or let me call as first initaition application of pratical application of ur electronics.
Line follower robot.:
We shall learn it in totaly unconventional way bcoz i strongly believe that conventional way keeps us always stand by mode,u cant be logged on.

NOTE:
FRIENDS I WILL SHOW U SOME MY FIRST BREAD BOARD MADE ROBOT I WILL SAY WHAT MY MISTAKES WHERE WHEN I FIRST WENT FOR A COMPETION ,THEN WE SHALL EAGERLY LEARN THE THINGS






Did u see my bot how bad it looks,bcoz i had a fear of soldering things,i had to make it on bread board.
Do u what happened i eventually lost my race that to i become laughter in the crowd bcoz of SIMPLE ELECTRONICS MISTAKES THAT WE MADE,,,,,,,,,,,
SO IAM SHARING MY VIEWS WITHYOU GUYZ,,,,,,,,,,
I have shg
 WHAT ACTUALLY IS A LINE FOLLOWER COMPETITION:
A line follower is nothing but a simple robot that follows a specified color an a specific background,
most genrally,a white path on black back ground ,or a black path on white background.

SHALL WE ENTER TO THE NEW WAY OF LEARNING ROBOTICS:
FIRST FEW THINGS WE REQUIRE ARE :

WE SHALL USE
1. ATMEGA 8 OR AT89S52
2. DC MOTORS
3.LM 293B
4.LM 324A
5.7805
6.IR LED(TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER).
7.FEW LED'S OF UR FAVOURITE COLOR .
8.CAPACITORS(0.01UF)
9.RESISTOR (QUARTER WATT BOX)
10.CONNECTING WIRES

DESCRIPTION:

ACTUALLY ITS SIMPLE TO THINK TWO WHEELS AND ONE MICROCONTROLLER WILL DO THE JOB,
.NOTE
1 . BCOZ U CAN SUPPLY ONLY 5 V TO A MICROCONTROLLER,BUT THE VOLTAGE THAT U RECIEVE FROM IR RECIEVR IS FEW 2.5V OR DEPENDS ON SURFACE,IT CANNOT SAY TO MICROCONTROLLER IAM LOGIC ONE,SO INORDER TO AVOID THESE WE USE LM 324

2 . SECONDLY WHY WE NEED LM293B ,U WANT UR MOTORS TO RUN FROM MICROCONTROLLER O/P,BUT PROBLEM IS MICROCONTROLLER CAN PROVIDE ONLY FEW VOLTS CLOSE TO 5V,BUT WE NEED AROUND 9V SUPPLY SO IT CAN BE PROVIDED BY IT.SO WE USE IT AS AN INTERFACE BETWEEN MOTOR AND MICROCONTROLLER.

SO LETS COME TO KNOW WORKING AND IRLED'S WORKING


SO THIS CIRCUITS GENERATES A LIGHT,WHICH IS RECIEVED BY THE RECIEVER AFTER REFLECTION FROM EITHER BLACK OR WHITE SURFACE.



NOW HERE COMES THE USE OF LM32

WE SHALL USE THIS AS A COMPARATOR,LET THE REFERNCE VOLTAGE BE GIVEN TO PIN5(NON INVERTING TERMINAL)
OUR RECIEVER OUTPUT BE GIVEN TO PIN6(INVERTING TERMINAL)
NOW THIS COMAPRATOR COMPARES THEM IT THEY ARE MATCHED OR HIGHER IT GIVES LOGIC ONE(5V) AT O/P ELSE GIVES LOGIC ZERO(OV).

BE CAREFUL BCOZ DIFFERENT SURFACES PROVIDE DIFFERENT VOLTAGES LIKE IF U CHOOSE WHITE SURFACE IT REFLECTS MOST OF THE VOLTAGE  WILL BE HIGH,
IF U CHOOSE BLACK IT ABSORBS MOST LIGHT SO OUTPUT WILL BE SOMEWHAT LOW,

CAUTION:

BEFORE KEEPING UR BOT FOR THE RACE NOTE REFERENCE VOLTAGES WITH UR MULTIMETER ADJUST POTENTIOMETER AND KEEP THE REFERENCE VOLTAGE TO MEASURED VALUE.

HALF WORK IS DONE NOW..............................................................................................
DATASHEET OF  LM 324:
DEPENDING ON THE PRECISION WE INCREASE THE  NO. OF WHEELS AND 
IR TRANSMITTERS AND RECIEVERS.


LETS GIVE THESE PINS TO OUR MICROCONTROLLER.

NEXT BEFORE GOING TO LM293,OFFICIALLY LEARN THE MICROCONTROLLER WORKING HERE,,,,,
 HERE THE MICROCONTROLLER RESPONDS ACCORDING TO THE O/P GIVEN BY THE LM324.

DEPINDING ON THE COMMAND WE GIVE IN CODE,IT TURNS LEFT,RIGHT,FORWARD,ACCORDINGLY,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

NOW WE GET THE SIGNAL FROM THE MICROCONTROLLER TO MOVE ACCORDINGLY,,,,,,,,,
HOW DOES IT ACTUALLY OCCURS................................

MOTOR DRIVING MECHANISM..................
  •  WE WILL NEED A SET OF TWO MOTORS THAT HAVE SAME RPM(revolution/minute)
WE WILL BE USING DIFFERENTIAL DRIVE MECHANISM FOR MANEUVERING OUR BOAT,I,E WIL HAVE THREE WHEELS FOR OUR BOT.TWO FRONT WILL BE POWERED AND THE REAR FREE WHEEL,,,,,
 NOTE:
CASTOR WHEEL OR THIRD WHEEL JUST SUPPORTS THE ROBOT FROM TOPPLING
U CAN OBSERVE JUST REMOVE UR THIRD WHEEL AND OBSERVE U CAN EVEN USE SOFT CAP ALSO.....................
  • WHEN BOAT IS MOVING STRAIGHT MOTORS SHOULD HAVE EQUAL SPEED
  • FOR TURNING,ONE OF THE MOTORS SHOULD SWITCHED OFF.IF WE SWITCH
  • OF THE LEFT MOTOR,THE BOT WIL TURN LEFT AND VICEVERSA.

YOU CAN CHOOSE A MOTOR OF 100RPM AND 12V RATING

H BRIDGE CIRCUIT WILL DO YOU ALL THE ABOUVE PROCESS 
IC FORM WHAT WE CALL IT LM293

THE MICROCONTROLLER SENDS A SIGNAL TO THE H-BRIDGE THAT ACTS AS SWITCH.IF THE SIGNALRECIEVED BY THE H-BRIDGE IS HIGH IT WILL ROTSTE THE MOTOR ELSE IT WON'T DO SO.NOTE THE MICROCONTROLLER ONLY SENDS A SIGNAL TO A SWITCH WHICH GIVES THE VOLTAGE REQUIRED BY THE MOTOR TO ROTATE.HERE WE ARE USING LM293 WHICH CAN BE USED TO CONTROL TWO MOTORS.

PIN CONFIGIRATION OF LM293:


  • EN1&EN2 ARE GIVEN LOGIC1 FROM MICROCONTROLLER OR GIVE 5V FROM OUTSIDE AND ARE USED TO ACTIVATE/DEACTIVATE ONE HALF OF THE H -BRIDGE


  • V IS THE VOLTAGE THAT YOU WANT TO SUPPLY TO THE MOTOR(S):9V OR 12.                                                                     
  • VCC IS THE LOGIC 1 OR 5V.
 GUYS AT LAST THE DESCRIPTION IS FINISHED HOPE U FULLY UNDERSTOOD IT,IF ANY SSMALL DOUBT PLEASE ASK.................
THIS IS THE BLOCK DIAGRAM


HERE WE ARE USING PINS P1.0 AND P1.4 FOR TAKINGINPUTS FROM THE IR SENSORS AFTER BEING AMPLIFIED BY LM 324.

  • P1.0-INPUT FROM LEFT SENSOR
  • P1.4-INPUT FROM RIGHT SENSOR

 THERE ARE SIX OUTPUTS FROM AT89S52 FROM MICROCONTROLLER TO THE H BRIDGE.



  • PINS P0.0 AND P0.4 ARE CONNECTED TO ENABLE PINS OF THE H-BRIDGE.WE CAN USE THE TO  DEACTIVATE/ACTIVATE THE TWO HALVES BRIDGE I,E.IF PINS ARE SET TO LOGIC 1 THE CORRESPONDING HALF OF THE H BRIDGE WILL BE ACTIVATED.
  • P0.1-WILL DRIVE THE LEFT MOTOR IN FORWARD DIRECTION.
  • P0.2-WILL DRIVE THE LEFT MOTOR IN REVERSE DIRECTION.
  • P0.3-WILL DRIVE THE RIGHT MOTOR IN FORWARD DIRECTION.
  • P0.5-WILL DRIVE THE RIGHT MOTOR IN REVERSE DIRECTION.
PROGRAMMING:
BELOW IS THE CODE IN C FOR THE MICROCONTROLLER.
#include <AT89X52.h>
/*
                Sensors input port - P1
                  P1_0 --------> Left sensor
                  P1_4 --------> Right sensor

                 Motors output port - P0
                 
                  P0_0 --------> Enable pin of the left half of the H-bridge
                  P0_1 --------> will drive the left motor in forward direction
                  P0_2 --------> will drive the left motor in reverse direction
                  P0_3 --------> will drive the right motor in forward direction
                  P0_4 --------> Enable pin of the right half of the H-bridge
                  P0_5 --------> will drive the right motor in reverse direction
*/


/*Delay function runs an idle loop to create a time delay. If the crystal used is of 11.0592 MHz then the argument passed in delay is in 'milliseconds'.*/
void Delay(unsigned int itime)
{
                unsigned int i,j;
                for(i=0;i<itime;i++)
                                for(j=0;j<1275;j++);       //Idle loop
}
void Forward()
{
                P0_1=1;
                P0_2=0;
                P0_3=1;
                P0_5=0;
}

/*Generally for turning we use a pulsated wave so the bOt doesn’t get out of control i.e. we run the motor for sometime then again stop it and this is done very quickly to create an effective pulse. See the function below.*/

void TurnLeft()
{
                P0_1=0; /*Left motor is not running in any direction.*/
                P0_2=0;
                P0_3=1;   /*Right motor is running in forward direction. bOt will eventually turn left*/
                P0_5=0;
                Delay(50); /* Wait for 50 ms*/
                P0_1=0;  /*Motors are not running*/
                P0_2=0;
                P0_3=0;
                P0_5=0;
                Delay(50); /*Delay of another 50 ms*/
               
}

/*So in the above program we have effectively created a pulse of 100ms which is on for 50ms and off for another 50ms. You can change this value to suit your needs*/

/*Similarly we can write a function to turn right*/

void TurnRight()
{
                P0_1=1; /*Left motor running in forward direction.*/
                P0_2=0;
                P0_3=0; /*Right motor is not running.*/
                P0_5=0;
                Delay(50); /*50ms time delay*/
                P0_1=0; /*Motors not running in any direction*/
                P0_2=0;
                P0_3=0;
                P0_5=0;
                Delay(50); /*50ms time delay*/
               
}


void main()
{
/* The pins which are receiving inputs from the sensors should be initially set to logic 1.*/
                P1_0=1; /*Left sensor input*/
                P1_4=1; /*Right sensor input*/
                P0_0=1; /*Enable pin of the left half of the H-bridge*/
                P0_4=1;  /*Enable pin of the right half of the H-bridge*/

               

                //main loop of the program
                while(1)
                {
                                               
                                if((P1_0==0)&&(P1_4==1))
                                                TurnRight();
                                else if((P1_0==1)&&(P1_4==0))
                                                TurnLeft();
                                else
                                                Forward();
                               
                }
}

FRIENDS THIS IS IT THE LINE FOLLOWER IS READY YAAR.
 ANY QUERIES COMMENT IT BELOW..............

HERES MY FAILURE VIDEO:
  • NOW OUR ROBOT WILL LOOK LIKE THIS: